AROUND THE WORLD WITH THE DOUGLAS WORLD CRUISERS


Following WWI intrepid airmen everywhere looked at the globe and considered the possibility of circumnavigating the earth in an airplane. The war had shown them how valuable it could be to span vast distances in a short amount of time.
Meanwhile in the small California coastal city of Santa Monica, the Douglas Aircraft Company had been supplying the Navy with a torpedo bomber named the DT-2. In 1923 the United States Army Air Service commissioned the Douglas Aircraft Company to design and build a plane for the first flight around the world. The goal was to evaluate the airplane as a global technology. Operating in extreme environments would test the airplane’s practicality and showcase America’s aeronautical industry. Connecting the world by air routes would foster better international relations and encourage commerce. And it would create popular support for the Army Air Service and its goal of expanding its role within the U.S. military.

 

Using the DT-2 as a starting point, the Douglas Aircraft Company completely redesigned the fuel system to increase capacity from 115 gallons to 644 gallons for the new Douglas World Cruiser. Other changes included a vertical tail with extra bracing struts below and moving the pilot’s and flight mechanic’s cockpits closer together to improve communication between the two. The DWC retained the DT-2’s 420-horsepower Liberty V-12 engine, but two different-sized radiators were included, the larger one for use in the tropics. Finally, the DWC’s undercarriage was designed to be easily changed from wheels to floats for operations from land or sea.
By November 1923 the prototype, built in 45 days at a cost of $23,721, was delivered to the Army for evaluation . Soon after, Douglas received a contract for four production aircraft.
On March 17, 1924, four DWCs and their eight crew members left Clover Field, Santa Monica, California, for Seattle, Washington, the official starting point. In Seattle the planes were formally named for four major American cities, representing north (Chicago), south (New Orleans), east (Boston) and west (Seattle), the four geographical areas of the continental United States. The Chicago is pictured at the right.





On April 6, 1924, four Douglas World Cruisers and eight crewmen set out from Sand Point on Lake Washington in Seattle on the first leg of their long flight. to attempt the first around-the-world airplane flight. They were: Seattle, crewed by Maj. Frederick Martin (pilot and flight commander) and SSgt. Alva Harvey (flight mechanic); Chicago, crewed by Lt. Lowell H. Smith (pilot) and 1st Lt. Leslie Arnold; Boston, with 1st Lt. Leigh P. Wade (pilot) and SSgt. Henry H. Ogden aboard; and New Orleans, with Lt. Erik Nelson (pilot) and Lt. Jack Harding in the cockpits.
Some 175 days later, on September 28, three of the bi-planes and the six men aboard became the first to circumnavigate the earth by air. They had logged 27,553 miles (44,342 kilometers) in six months and six days, with an actual flying time of 371 hours. They had touched down in 28 countries and had crossed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Fog, blizzards, thunderstorms and sandstorms took their toll. While flying in dense fog, the “Seattle” crashed on an Alaskan mountainside. It was not replaced. The “Boston” was forced to land at sea and subsequently sank. It was replaced by a backup plane that had been built as a quintuplet to the four that began the flight. No serious injuries resulted from either accident, and the six crewmen continued on in the Boston II, Chicago, and New Orleans.While other nations were competing to achieve the first world flight, the American success was largely a result of extensive planning. The cooperation of 28 countries along the flight path was enlisted. Stations were established to supply thousands of gallons of gasoline, oil, spare parts and other necessary supplies. The Army’s most qualified pilots and mechanics were recruited to participate in the effort.

 

 The men and airplanes participating in this flight are credited with one of aviation’s greatest achievements and earned the Douglas Aircraft Company its motto, “First Around the World.”Learn more about the first circumnavigation of the earth in the city where it all began…Visit the Museum of Flying in Santa Monica, California!

– SuperConnie

SuperConnie's blog on the VariViggen

Photo by SuperConnie

When Burt Rutan was a student at Cal Poly in 1963, he had a dream…


Photos from Garage Built by Burt Rutan

Like many others before him the thrill of flight captured his imagination. Rutan began designing the plane that would be named VariViggen then and there. First came extensive wind tunnel testing and then model experiments. One of Rutan’s more famous quotes is, “Everything looks nonsensical before it works.” And indeed the photo at right suggests that.




In order to perform his experiments Rutan suspended a true, one-fifth scale model on a test rig attached to the luggage rack on top of his station wagon. Clearly an unusual sight the rig allowed him to measure air speed, angle of attack, lift, drag, sideslip, side force, roll moment and elevator-aileron-rudder positions. An extra data channel measured structural load. By 1968 the experiments had concluded and the construction of the VariViggen began in the garage of his Lancaster, California, home.


Burt Rutan had decided against going for optimum speed. Instead, he wanted plenty of wing area for safe, docile, low-speed flying. The VariViggen boasted a slab-sided fuselage and flat-bottomed wings for ease of building. Named after the Swedish fighter plane, the Saab 37 Viggen, which had partially inspired his design, the main structure was made of plywood and was easily built. Spruce was used for spars and longerons, and aircraft plywood for the formers, ribs, and skin. Lightweight Ceconite covered the plywood skin and was finished with polyurethane. The roomy cockpit sat two pilots in tandem. Incorporating modern fighter-cockpit layout, it afforded really terrific visibility from both seats. The fully retractable landing gear was operated electrically along with the trim bungee and the wing reflex. The VariViggen was powered by a 150-hp, four-cylinder Lycoming engine.

It took 4 years until April 1972 before Rutan felt comfortable enough to test fly his prototype designated Model 27. The production version was Model 32. Nine weeks were spent test flying the prototype, improving the engine operation, gathering stability and performance data, and adding a new cowling and spinner. By the time the VariViggen landed at the convention in Oshkosh in 1972 the prototype had logged 75 hours. After Oshkosh Burt used the VariViggen as his personal airplane, logging over 150 hours in the prototype.

Rutan Aircraft Factory sold over 600 plan sets for the VariViggen to homebuilders, and eventually about 20 of the aircraft were built.
The Museum of Flying in Santa Monica is fortunate to have one of them hand signed by Burt Rutan himself!.
  

  Photo by SuperConnie


See the VariViggen for yourself and experience “the most beautiful dream that has haunted the heart of man”. –Louis Bleriot

This VeriViggen is on display at the Museum of Flying, Santa Monica, CA